图论代写Graph Theory|MATH 107 Stanford University Assignment

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Graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to represent pairwise relationships between objects. In this introductory course, we will cover the fundamental concepts and results in a variety of topics in graph theory.

  1. Basic Notions: We will begin by introducing the basic notions of graph theory, such as definitions of graphs, vertices, edges, degree of a vertex, paths, and cycles.
  2. Connectivity: We will then move on to the concept of connectivity in graphs, including definitions of connected and disconnected graphs, cut vertices, and articulation points.
  3. Cycles: We will also discuss cycles in graphs, including definitions of Eulerian and Hamiltonian cycles, and conditions for their existence.
  4. Matchings: We will introduce the concept of matchings in graphs, including definitions of maximum and perfect matchings, and algorithms for finding them.
  5. Planar Graphs: We will also discuss planar graphs, including definitions of planar and non-planar graphs, and the famous Euler’s formula for planar graphs.
  6. Graph Coloring: We will then move on to graph coloring, including definitions of chromatic number and chromatic polynomial, and algorithms for finding minimum vertex and edge colorings.
图论代写Graph Theory|MATH 107 Stanford University Assignment

问题 1.

Let $V={a, b, c, d, e, f}, E={a b, a f, a d, b e, d e, e f}$ and $G=(V, E)$. Determine all the subgraphs of $G$ of order 4 and size 4 .

证明 .

To find all subgraphs of $G$ of order 4 and size 4, we need to look for subgraphs that have exactly 4 vertices and 4 edges.

There are ${6 \choose 4} = 15$ ways to choose 4 vertices from $V$. We will consider each of these sets of 4 vertices and check if they form a subgraph of order 4 and size 4.

The possible sets of vertices are:

  • ${a,b,c,d}$
  • ${a,b,c,e}$
  • ${a,b,c,f}$
  • ${a,b,d,e}$
  • ${a,b,d,f}$
  • ${a,b,e,f}$
  • ${a,c,d,e}$
  • ${a,c,d,f}$
  • ${a,c,e,f}$
  • ${a,d,e,f}$
  • ${b,c,d,e}$
  • ${b,c,d,f}$
  • ${b,c,e,f}$
  • ${b,d,e,f}$
  • ${c,d,e,f}$

Now, for each set of 4 vertices, we will check if there are 4 edges connecting them. If so, then this set of vertices forms a subgraph of order 4 and size 4.

  • ${a,b,c,d}$: This subgraph has edges $ab$, $ad$, $bd$, and $cd$. So it is a subgraph of order 4 and size 4.
  • ${a,b,c,e}$: This subgraph has edges $ab$, $be$, $ac$, and $bc$. So it is not a subgraph of order 4 and size 4.
  • ${a,b,c,f}$: This subgraph has edges $ab$, $af$, $ac$, and $bc$. So it is not a subgraph of order 4 and size 4.
  • ${a,b,d,e}$: This subgraph has edges $ab$, $ae$, $bd$, and $de$. So it is a subgraph of order 4 and size 4.
  • ${a,b,d,f}$: This subgraph has edges $ab$, $af$, $bd$, and $df$. So it is not a subgraph of order 4 and size 4.
  • ${a,b,e,f}$: This subgraph has edges $ab$, $af$, $be$, and $ef$. So it is not a subgraph of order 4 and size 4.
  • ${a,c,d,e}$: This subgraph has edges $ad$, $ae$, $cd$, and $ce$. So it is a subgraph of order 4 and size 4.
  • ${a,c,d,f}$: This subgraph has edges $ad$, $af$, $cd$, and $cf$. So it is not a subgraph of order 4 and size 4.
  • ${a,c,e,f}$: This subgraph has edges $ac$, $af$, $ce$, and $cf$. So it is not a subgraph of order 4 and size 4.
  • ${a,d,e,f}$: This subgraph has edges $ad$, $ae$, $df$, and $ef$. So it is a subgraph of order 4 and size 4.
  • ${b,c,d,e}$: This subgraph has edges $bd$, $be$, $cd$, and $ce$. So it is a subgraph of order 4 and size 4

问题 2.

Consider a graph $G=(V, E)$ of order $n$ and size $m$. Let $v$ be a vertex and $e$ an edge of $G$. Give the order and the size of $G^c, G-v$ and $G-e$.

证明 .

The complement of $G$, denoted $G^c$, is a graph with the same vertex set $V$ as $G$, but where two vertices are adjacent in $G^c$ if and only if they are not adjacent in $G$. Therefore, the number of edges in $G^c$ is given by:

$$|E(G^c)|=\binom{n}{2}-|E(G)|$$

where $\binom{n}{2}$ is the total number of possible edges in a graph of order $n$. So the order of $G^c$ is $n$ and its size is $\binom{n}{2}-m$.

The graph obtained from $G$ by deleting vertex $v$, denoted $G-v$, has the same vertex set as $G$ but with $v$ removed. Therefore, the order of $G-v$ is $n-1$. To find the size of $G-v$, we need to count the number of edges in $G$ that do not contain $v$. Let $m_v$ denote the number of edges incident to $v$. Then, the size of $G-v$ is given by:

$$|E(G-v)|=m-m_v$$

The graph obtained from $G$ by deleting edge $e$, denoted $G-e$, has the same vertex set as $G$ but with $e$ removed. Therefore, the order of $G-e$ is $n$. To find the size of $G-e$, we simply subtract 1 from the size of $G$:

$$|E(G-e)|=m-1$$

since we are removing a single edge.

问题 3.

Prove that the size of a bipartite graph of order $n$ is at most $n^2 / 4$.

证明 .

Let $G=(X,Y;E)$ be a bipartite graph of order $n$, with $|X|=a$ and $|Y|=b$. Then the size of the graph, denoted $|E|$, is given by:

$$|E|=\sum_{x\in X}d(x) = \sum_{y\in Y}d(y)$$

where $d(x)$ denotes the degree of vertex $x$ in $G$. Since $G$ is bipartite, we have $d(x)=|N(x)|$, where $N(x)$ denotes the set of neighbors of $x$ in $G$. Furthermore, we have $N(x)\subseteq Y$ for all $x\in X$, and $N(y)\subseteq X$ for all $y\in Y$.

Now, we use the inequality $|N(x)|\leq b$ for all $x\in X$ (since $N(x)\subseteq Y$), and similarly $|N(y)|\leq a$ for all $y\in Y$ (since $N(y)\subseteq X$). Therefore:

$$|E|=\sum_{x\in X}d(x) = \sum_{x\in X}|N(x)|\leq \sum_{x\in X} b = ab = \frac{n^2}{4}$$

where the last equality follows from $a+b=n$ and the fact that the maximum value of $ab$ is attained when $a=b=n/2$. Similarly, we have:

$$|E|=\sum_{y\in Y}d(y) = \sum_{y\in Y}|N(y)|\leq \sum_{y\in Y} a = ab = \frac{n^2}{4}$$

Therefore, we have shown that $|E|\leq n^2/4$, as required.

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