行为经济学 Behavioural Economics ECON32152T

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这是一份manchester曼切斯特大学ECON32152T 作业代写的成功案例

行为经济学 Behavioural Economics ECON32152T

$$
U=\alpha u(w) N+(I-\alpha) u(b)(M-N)
$$
where, $o \leq \alpha \leq 1$
and $\alpha$ is the relative weight, or influence, of the employed and unemployed union members on the union’s policy.

Another general form of the union’s objective utility function which has been used quite extensively (see, for example, Dertouzos and Pencavel, 1981, MaCurdy and Pencavel, 1986, and Pencavel, 1984) is a modified version of the so-called Stone-Geary utility function. The function may be expressed as:
$$
U=\alpha\left(w-w^{}\right)^{\mu}\left(N-N^{}\right)^{\mu-1}
$$

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ECON32152T COURSE NOTES :

$$
\Sigma O p / \Sigma I p=\Sigma O a / \Sigma l a
$$
The employee, or in Adams’s terms Person, will aim to ensure that the ratio of the weighted sum of his inputs $(\Sigma l p)$ in relation to the weighted sum of his outcomes $(\Sigma O p)$ matches the corresponding ratio for Other (any person with whom Person compares himself when both he and Other are in an exchange relationship with a third person, such as an employer, or with third parties who are considered by Person to be comparable, such as employers in a particular industry or geographic location).








管理经济学 Managerial Economics ECON31002T

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这是一份manchester曼切斯特大学ECON31002T作业代写的成功案例

管理经济学 Managerial Economics ECON31002T

This relation is a completely general specification of marginal revenue, which, if $P$ is factored out from the right-hand side, can be rewritten as
$$
M R=P\left(1+\frac{Q}{P} \times \frac{d P}{d Q}\right)
$$
Note that the term $Q / P \times d P / d Q$ in the preceding expression is the reciprocal of the definition for point price elasticity, $\epsilon_{p}=d Q / d P \times(P / Q)$ :
$$
\frac{Q}{P} \times \frac{d P}{d Q}=\frac{1}{\frac{d Q}{d P} \times \frac{P}{Q}}=\frac{1}{\epsilon_{p}}
$$
Thus, marginal revenue can be rewritten as
$$
M R=P\left(1+\frac{1}{\epsilon_{p}}\right)
$$

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ECON31002T COURSE NOTES :

$$
M C=M R
$$
and, therefore,
$$
M C=P\left(1+\frac{1}{\epsilon_{p}}\right)
$$
which implies that the optimal or profit-maximizing price, $P^{}$, equals $$ P^{}=\frac{M C}{\left(1+\frac{1}{\epsilon_{p}}\right)}
$$








货币、银行和金融市场 Money, Banking & Financial Markets ECON30852T

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这是一份manchester曼切斯特大学ECON30852T作业代写的成功案例

自然资源经济学 Natural Resource Economics ECON30232T

With a total asset value of $\$ 100$ million, the market value of assets falls by $\$ 2.5 \mathrm{mil}$ lion $(\$ 100$ million $\times 0.025=\$ 2.5$ million $)$ :
$$
\% \Delta P=-D U R \times \frac{\Delta i}{1+i}
$$
where
$$
\begin{aligned}
\mathrm{DUR} &=\text { duration } &=2.70 \
\Delta \mathrm{i} &=\text { change in interest rate }=0.11-0.10 &=0.01 \
i &=\text { interest rate } &=0.10
\end{aligned}
$$
Thus:
$$
\% \Delta P \approx-2.70 \times \frac{0.01}{1+0.10}=-0.025=-2.5 \%
$$

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ECON30852T COURSE NOTES :

$$
D U R_{\text {gap }}=D U R_{a}-\left(\frac{L}{A} \times D U R_{l}\right)=1.16-\left(\frac{90}{100} \times 2.77\right)=-1.33 \text { years }
$$
Since the Friendly Finance Company has a negative duration gap, the manager realizes that a rise in interest rates by 1 percentage point from $10 \%$ to $11 \%$ will increase the market value of net worth of the firm. The manager checks this by calculating the change in the market value of net worth as a percentage of assets:
$$
\Delta N W=-D U R_{g a p} \times \frac{\Delta i}{1+i}=-(-1.33) \times \frac{0.01}{1+0.10}=0.012=1.2 \%
$$








自然资源经济学 Natural Resource Economics ECON30232T

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这是一份manchester曼切斯特大学ECON30232T作业代写的成功案例

自然资源经济学 Natural Resource Economics ECON30232T

$$
\pi_{t+u}=\pi_{t} \pi_{u}
$$ can be written
$$
\pi_{\text {it }} \pi_{u} \frac{\partial U_{\text {it }}}{\partial x_{i_{\text {ta }}}}=\lambda_{i} p_{\text {tuq }}
$$
Since $p_{\text {tuq }}$ and $\pi_{u}$ are independent of $i$, so must be
$$
\left(\pi_{i t} \frac{\partial U_{i t}}{\partial x_{i t q}}\right) / \lambda_{i t}
$$
on the other hand, this expression is also independent of $u$ and so can be written $\mu_{t q}$. Therefore,
$$
p_{\text {taq }}=\mu_{\mathrm{ty}} \pi_{u}
$$

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ECON30102T COURSE NOTES :

$$
p=p_{\mathrm{\sigma}^{\mathrm{e}^{\gamma t}}}
$$
fixes the relative prices at different times under free competition. The absolute level, or the value $p_{0}$ of the price when $t=0$, will depend upon demand and upon the total supply of the substance. Denoting the latter by $a$, and putting
$$
q=f(p, t)
$$
for the quantity taken at time $t$ if the price is $p$, we have the equation,
$$
\int_{0}^{T} q d t=\int_{0}^{T} f\left(p_{0} e^{\gamma t}, t\right) d t=a,
$$
the upper limit $T$ being the time of final exhaustion. Since $q$ will then be zero, we shall have the equation
$$
f\left(p_{0} e^{y t}, T\right)=0
$$
to determine $T$.








中国经济 The Chinese Economy ECON30102T

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中国经济 The Chinese Economy ECON30102T

$$
r J_{F}^{i}\left(\theta_{t}\right)=(p-w)-\delta\left[J_{F}^{i}\left(\theta_{t}\right)-J_{V}^{i}\left(\theta_{t}\right)\right]+\pi\left[J_{F}^{j}\left(\theta_{t}\right)-J_{F}^{i}\left(\theta_{t}\right)\right]
$$
While the instantaneous cost of a vacant job will be influenced by aggregate shock, the wage and productivity are constant through the cycle. Under free entry $J_{V}^{i}=J_{V}^{j}=0$, the payoff to a filled job can be solved from :
$$
J_{F}^{i}=J_{F}^{j}=\frac{p-w}{r+s}
$$
Then, from (1), the equilibrium job creation conditions, which will underpin market tightness, are given by:
$q\left(\theta_{t}\right)=\frac{k^{i}(\delta+r)}{p-w}$, where $i \in{G, B}$

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ECON30102T COURSE NOTES :

$$
W_{1}^{G}-W_{1}^{B}=\frac{\delta\left[\left(W_{1}^{B}-Z_{1}^{B}\right)-\left(W_{1}^{G}-Z_{1}^{G}\right)\right]}{r+2 \pi}
$$
States that the state premium of an employed worker is a proportion of the capital gains from job separation in two states. Similarly, the state premium of an unemployed worker can be found by subtracting:
$$
Z_{1}^{G}-Z_{1}^{B}=\frac{f\left(\theta^{G}\right)}{r+2 \pi}\left(W_{1}^{G}-Z_{1}^{G}\right)-\frac{f\left(\theta^{B}\right)}{r+2 \pi}\left(W_{1}^{B}-Z_{1}^{B}\right)
$$








微观经济学 Microeconomics/ Microeconomic Analysis ECON20022T/ECON20512T

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这是一份manchester曼切斯特大学ECON20022T/ECON20512T作业代写的成功案例

微观经济学 Microeconomics/ Microeconomic Analysis ECON20022T/ECON20512T

$$
(1+r) c^{\prime}\left(T^{-}\right)=s \alpha \beta<(1-s) \alpha+s \beta \alpha
$$
The left-hand is the marginal cost of training. The right-hand side is the marginal gain from training, which is realized only if the pair remain together. So $\overrightarrow{T^{h}}<\hat{r}$. The gain to the pair from choosing to adopt the technology and train the worker is
$$
(1-s) a T^{-h}-(1+r)\left(\bar{\delta}+c\left(\bar{T}^{h}\right)\right)
$$

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ECON20022T/ECON20512T COURSE NOTES :

Using a circumflex over a variable to represent percentage change in it, we can now get
$$
\hat{D}=a \hat{p}+b
$$
where $a=M \eta-N(1-\eta)$, with $M=I_{z} / D, N=I_{1}, x_{w} / D, M \geq N$, and $\eta$ is the (positively defined) price elasticity of demand for import in the poor country (with an overbar for the rich country); and
$$
b=M e_{c} \hat{y}-N \bar{e}_{m} \bar{y}+M \hat{L}-N \bar{L}
$$
with $\ell$ as the income elasticity of demand for the good denoted by the subscript.








高级宏观经济学 Advanced Macroeconomics ECON30002T

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这是一份manchester曼切斯特大学ECON30002T作业代写的成功案例

高级宏观经济学 Advanced Macroeconomics ECON30002T

Averaging the $p_{i}$ ‘s and using the fact that the average of the $z_{i}$ ‘s is zero, we obtain
$$
p=\frac{\gamma-1}{1+\eta \gamma-\eta} y+p
$$
implies that the equilibrium value of $y$ is simply ${ }^{3}$
$$
y=0
$$
Finally, imply
$$
m=p
$$
Not surprisingly, money is neutral in this version of the model: an increase in $m$ leads to an equal increase in all $p_{i}$ ‘s, and hence in the overall price index, $p$. No real variables are affected.

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ECON30002T COURSE NOTES :

Although we have already examined aspects of individuals’ consumption decisions in our investigations of the Ramsey and Diamond models in Chapter 2 and of real-business-cycle theory in Chapter 4 , here we start with a simple case. Consider an individual who lives for $T$ periods whose lifetime utility is
$$
U=\sum_{t=1}^{T} u\left(C_{t}\right), \quad u^{\prime}(\bullet)>0, \quad u^{\prime \prime}(\bullet)<0
$$
where $u(\cdot)$ is the instantaneous utility function and $C_{t}$ is consumption in period $t$. The individual has initial wealth of $A_{0}$ and labor incomes of $Y_{1}, Y_{2}, \ldots, Y_{T}$ in the $T$ periods of his or her life; the individual takes these as given. The individual can save or borrow at an exogenous interest rate, subject only to the constraint that any outstanding debt must be repaid at the end of his or her life. For simplicity, this interest rate is set to zero. ${ }^{1}$ Thus the individual’s budget constraint is
$$
\sum_{t=1}^{T} C_{t} \leq A_{0}+\sum_{t=1}^{T} Y_{t}
$$








发展经济学 Development Economics: Understanding Poverty ECON20332T

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这是一份manchester曼切斯特大学ECON20332T作业代写的成功案例

发展经济学 Development Economics: Understanding Poverty ECON20332T

$$
y_{0 i}=x_{0 i}^{\prime} \beta_{0}+u_{0 i}, \quad y_{1 i}=x_{1 i}^{\prime} \beta_{1}+u_{1 i}
$$
The dichotomous switch variable $d_{i}$ takes values 1 or 0 and satisfies
$$
d_{i}=1\left(z_{i}^{\prime} \gamma+u_{2 i}>0\right)
$$
where the “indicator function”is defined to take the value 1 when the statement in brackets is true, and 0 otherwise. The dependent variable $y_{i}$ is thus determined by
$$
y_{i}=d_{i} y_{0 r}+\left(1-d_{i}\right) y_{u i} .
$$

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ECON20332T COURSE NOTES :

$$
E\left(y_{i} \mid x_{i}, z_{i}, y_{i}>0\right)=x_{i}^{\prime} \beta+\lambda\left(z_{i}^{\prime} \gamma\right)
$$
where I have suppressed the zero suffix and where
$$
\lambda\left(z_{i}^{\prime} \gamma\right)=E\left(u_{0 i} \mid u_{2 i} \geq-z_{i}^{\prime} \gamma\right)
$$








量化方法 Quantitative Methods ECON20222T

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量化方法 Quantitative Methods ECON20222T

Since an American option gives more choice its value is always at least that of its European counterpart. This early exercise premium $(\nu(S, E, \tau) \geq 0)$ is now defined more precisely for American puts and calls. If at current time $t$ the asset price is $S$, then the early exercise premium for an American call which expires at time $T$, and therefore has maturity $\tau=T-t$, is:
$$
\nu_{c}(S, E, \tau)=C(S, E, \tau)-c(S, E, \tau) \geq 0
$$
where $C(S, E, \tau)$ denotes the value of the American call and $c(S, E, \tau)$ denotes the value of the corresponding European call. The early exercise premium of an American put option, $\nu_{p}(S, E, \tau)$, is similarly defined as:
$$
\nu_{p}(S, E, \tau)=P(S, E, \tau)-p(S, E, \tau) \geq 0
$$

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ECON20222T COURSE NOTES :

Substituting these results into Equation $10.39$ yields the following transformed Black-Scholes equation:
$$
\frac{S^{2} \sigma^{2} h}{2} \frac{\partial^{2} g}{\partial S^{2}}+(r-q) S h \frac{\partial g}{\partial S}+r g(h-1)+r h(h-1) \frac{\partial g}{\partial h}=r g h
$$
which can be further simplified to give:
$$
S^{2} \sigma^{2} \frac{\partial^{2} g}{\partial S^{2}}+\frac{2(r-q) S}{\sigma^{2}} \frac{\partial g}{\partial S}-\frac{2 r g}{h \sigma^{2}}-\frac{2 r(1-h)}{\sigma^{2}} \frac{\partial g}{\partial h}=r g h
$$
or
$$
S^{2} \frac{\partial^{2} g}{\partial S^{2}}+\beta S \frac{\partial g}{\partial S}-\frac{\alpha}{h} g-(1-h) \alpha \frac{\partial g}{\partial h}=0
$$
where $\alpha=2 r / \sigma^{2}$ and $\beta=(2(r-q)) / \sigma^{2}$.








经济数学 Mathematical Economics I ECON20120T/ECON30290T/ECON30320T/ECON60562T

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这是一份manchester曼切斯特大学ECON20120T/ECON30290T/ECON30320T/ECON60562T 作业代写的成功案例

经济数学 Mathematical Economics I ECON20120T

whence
$$
\sum_{i=1}^{m} \lambda_{i} \cdot x_{i}=\lambda_{i_{0}} x_{i_{0}}+\left(1-\lambda_{i_{0}}\right) \cdot\left(\sum_{j \neq i_{0}} \frac{\lambda_{i}}{\sum_{i \neq i_{0}} \lambda_{i}} \cdot x_{j}\right) .
$$
Since
$$
\sum_{j \neq i_{0}} \frac{\lambda_{i}}{\sum_{i \neq i_{0}} \lambda_{i}} \cdot x_{j}
$$
is a convex linear combination of $m-1$ points of $S$, the induction assumption ensures that it is a point of $S$. Thus $\sum_{i=1}^{m} \lambda_{i} \cdot \boldsymbol{x}_{i}$ can be expressed as a convex linear combination of two points in $S$. From the assumed convexity of $S$, therefore, it belongs to $S$.

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ECON20120T/ECON30290T/ECON30320T/ECON60562T COURSE NOTES :

The assumed concavity of $f(\boldsymbol{x})$ and $g_{i}(\boldsymbol{x}), i=1, \ldots, m$, implies that $A$ and $B$ are convex sets. Corresponding to any two points
$$
\left(\begin{array}{c}
z_{0 i} \
z_{i}
\end{array}\right) \in A \quad(i=1,2),
$$
there exist $x_{i} \in X, i=1,2$, such that
$$
\left(\begin{array}{c}
z_{0 i} \
z_{i}
\end{array}\right) \leqq\left(\begin{array}{l}
f\left(\boldsymbol{x}{i}\right) \ g\left(\boldsymbol{x}{i}\right)
\end{array}\right) \quad(i=1,2)
$$