Assignment-daixieTM为您提供伦敦大学学院 London’s Global University MATH009 Newtonian Mechanics牛顿力学代写代考和辅导服务！
Instructions:
Newtonian mechanics, which is a branch of classical physics that deals with the motion of objects under the influence of forces. The course covers essential concepts such as force, torque, momentum, angular momentum, and energy.
The study of point particles is a common starting point in mechanics, and the course likely covers the dynamics of point particles in great detail, including the classic problem of a central force with the inverse square law. Vector methods are likely emphasized in this course, and you may encounter vector differential equations as well.
Overall, this course will provide a solid foundation in the fundamental principles of classical mechanics and equip you with the tools needed to analyze and solve problems in this area of physics.
MATH009 Newtonian Mechanics牛顿力学
问题 1.
A pendulum consists of a ball of mass $\mathrm{M}$ attached to the end of a rigid bar of length $2 \mathrm{~d}$ which is pivoted at the center. At the other end of the bar is a container (“catch”). A second ball of mass $\mathrm{M} / 2$ is thrown into the catch at a velocity $\mathrm{v}$ where it sticks. For this problem, ignore the mass of the pendulum bar and catch, and treat the balls as if they were point masses (i.e., neglect their individual moments of inertia). (a) What is the initial angular rotation rate of the pendulum after the incoming ball is caught?
证明 .
(a) The angular momentum of the system relative to the pivot point just prior to the upper ball being caught is: $$ L=\frac{M}{2} v d $$ As there are no external torques acting on the system relative to the pivot point during the time of the collision, the angular momentum can be determined as: $$ L=I \omega=\left(M d^2+\frac{M}{2} d^2\right) \omega=\frac{3}{2} M d^2 \omega $$ hence, $$ \omega=\frac{v}{3 d} $$
问题 2.
(b) How much total mechanical energy is lost when the incoming ball gets stuck in the catch?
证明 .
(b) The energy of the upper ball prior to sticking to the catch is: $$ E_i=\frac{1}{2} \frac{M}{2} v^2=\frac{1}{4} M v^2 $$ After the collision, all of the energy can be expressed as pure rotation about the stationary pivot point, hence: $$ E_f=\frac{1}{2} I \omega^2=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{3}{2} M d^2\right)\left(\frac{v}{3 d}\right)^2=\frac{1}{12} M v^2 $$ so $$ \Delta E=E_f-E_i=\frac{1}{6} M v^2 $$
\begin{prob}
(c) What minimum velocity does the incoming ball need in order to invert the pendulum (i.e., rotate it by $180^{\circ}$ )?
\end{prob}
\begin{proof}
(c) Because there are only conservative forces acting (the pivot does not move so it does no work) total mechanical energy is conserved. Assuming that the bottom of the swing sets the zeropoint for gravitational potential, at the point that the ball sticks the total energy is:
$$ E_i=\frac{M}{2}(2 d) g+\frac{1}{12} M v^2 $$ The point at which the pendulum just comes to rest inverted, the bottom mass is at height $2 \mathrm{~d}$ : $$ E_f=M(2 d) g $$ With $\Delta \mathrm{E}=0$ this gives: $$ \begin{aligned} & 2 M d g=M d g+\frac{1}{12} M v^2 \ & \Rightarrow v=\sqrt{12 d g} \end{aligned} $$
Assignment-daixieTM为您提供利物浦大学University of Liverpool NEWTONIAN MECHANICS MATH122牛顿力学代写代考和辅导服务！
Instructions:
Newtonian mechanics, also known as classical mechanics, is a branch of physics that deals with the study of motion and its causes. It was founded by Sir Isaac Newton in the 17th century and is based on three laws known as Newton’s laws of motion.
Newton’s first law of motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue in motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. This law is also known as the law of inertia.
Newton’s second law of motion states that the force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object times its acceleration. Mathematically, F=ma, where F is the force, m is the mass, and a is the acceleration.
Newton’s third law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This law implies that forces always occur in pairs.
In addition to these laws, Newtonian mechanics also includes the concepts of energy, work, and momentum. The laws of conservation of energy, work-energy theorem, and conservation of momentum are also important principles in this branch of physics.
Newtonian mechanics has been instrumental in the development of modern physics, and its principles are still widely used in many fields of science and engineering.
牛顿力学代写|NEWTONIAN MECHANICS MATH122 University of Liverpool Assignment
问题 1.
A rocket in zero gravitational field has a mass of $m_{r, i}=2.81 \times 10^7 \mathrm{~kg}$, which is the sum of the mass of the fuel $m_{f, i}=2.46 \times 10^7 \mathrm{~kg}$ and the dry mass of the rocket (empty of fuel) $m_{r, d} \equiv m_{r, i}-m_{f, i}=0.35 \times 10^7 \mathrm{~kg}$. The fuel is ejected at a speed $u=3000$ $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ relative to the rocket. The total burn time is $510 \mathrm{~s}$ and the fuel is burned at a constant rate. (a) What is the final speed $v_f$ of the rocket in meters/second after all the fuel is burned assuming it starts from rest?
证明 .
The total mass of the rocket decreases during the burn due to the ejection of fuel. The change in velocity of the rocket is given by the rocket equation:
where $v_i = 0$ is the initial velocity of the rocket, $v_f$ is the final velocity of the rocket, $m_{r,i}$ is the initial mass of the rocket, $m_{r,f}$ is the final mass of the rocket, and $u$ is the relative velocity of the ejected fuel. At the end of the burn, all the fuel has been ejected, so the final mass of the rocket is the dry mass $m_{r,d}$:
Therefore, the final speed of the rocket is $v_f = \Delta v = 7974.4$ m/s.
问题 2.
(b) Now suppose that the same rocket burns the fuel in two stages, expelling the fuel in each stage at the same relative speed $u=3000 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$. In stage one, the available fuel to burn is $m_{f, 1, i}=2.03 \times 10^7 \mathrm{~kg}$ with burn time $150 \mathrm{~s}$. The total mass of the rocket after all the fuel in stage 1 is burned is $m_{r, 1, d}=m_{r, i}-m_{f, 1, i}=0.78 \times 10^7$ kg. What is the change in speed after stage one is complete?
证明 .
In stage one, the initial mass of the rocket is $m_{r,1,i}=m_{r,i}=2.81 \times 10^7 \mathrm{~kg}$ and the initial mass of fuel is $m_{f,1,i}=2.03 \times 10^7 \mathrm{~kg}$. The mass of the rocket after all the fuel in stage 1 is burned is $m_{r,1,f}=m_{r,1,i}-m_{f,1,i}=0.78 \times 10^7$ kg. By the principle of conservation of momentum, the change in velocity of the rocket after stage one is complete is given by:
where $u=3000 \mathrm{~m}/\mathrm{s}$ is the relative speed of the ejected fuel and $m_{r,1,i}$ and $m_{r,1,f}$ are the initial and final masses of the rocket in stage one, respectively. Substituting the values:
Therefore, the change in speed after stage one is complete is approximately $3066 \mathrm{~m}/\mathrm{s}$.
问题 3.
(c) Next, the empty fuel tank and accessories from stage one are disconnected from the rest of the rocket. These disconnected parts had a mass $m=1.4 \times 10^6 \mathrm{~kg}$, hence the remaining dry mass of the rocket is $m_{r, 2, d}=2.1 \times 10^6 \mathrm{~kg}$. All the remaining fuel with mass $m_{f, 2, i}=4.3 \times 10^6 \mathrm{~kg}$ is burned during stage 2 with burn time of $360 \mathrm{~s}$. What is the change in speed in meters/second after stage two is complete?
证明 .
To calculate the change in speed after stage two, we can use the rocket equation, which relates the change in velocity of a rocket to the mass ratio of the rocket before and after the burn, and the effective exhaust velocity of the propellant.
The mass ratio of the rocket before and after stage two is:
where $m_{i}$ is the initial mass of the rocket (including all the fuel and the dry mass) and $m_{f,2}$ is the final mass of the rocket after stage two (including the dry mass and all the fuel burned in stage two).
The effective exhaust velocity $v_{e}$ is given by:
